Saint Francis: The First Figure of the Renaissance
We officially step into the exciting Renaissance era. When you think of the Renaissance, many famous paintings might come to mind, such as Mona Lisa or The School of Athens, along with renowned names like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and the poet Dante.
However, the true first figure of the Renaissance was a religious figure—Saint Francis of Assisi.
As one of my most admired historians, Nanami Shiono, once said:
“If the magnificent artistic works of the Renaissance were the vibrant blooms of civilization, then the societal environment of the time was the soil that nurtured these flowers. The new Christian philosophy promoted by Saint Francis provided precisely this fertile soil for the Renaissance to flourish.”
To Understand the Renaissance, Start with Saint Francis
- The true first figure of the Renaissance, in a strict sense, is not the familiar Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, or even the poet Dante, but Saint Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan Order. The innovative religious philosophy championed by Saint Francis laid the groundwork for the Renaissance, allowing great artists like da Vinci and Raphael to shine on its stage.
- Saint Francis of Assisi
Born Francesco, he was the founder of the Franciscan Order and was canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church after his death. Born into a wealthy family, he participated in war and was taken captive. After his release and a divine calling, he established the Franciscan Order. - A New Religious Philosophy
In the late Middle Ages, religion was spread with a “stern father” approach, but Saint Francis advocated for a compassionate “loving mother” philosophy. This new approach resonated with the common people and merchants, creating fertile ground for the Renaissance to grow. His missionary efforts themselves embodied the spirit of the Renaissance. - Core Renaissance Values: Skepticism and Curiosity
These values were evident in Saint Francis’ religious philosophy. Traditional faith demanded unquestioning belief—followers had to accept without doubt whatever clergy preached. Saint Francis broke away from this oppressive dogma, challenging the rigid control of the church. - Social Foundations for the Renaissance
Saint Francis’ ideas spread widely and were not suppressed by the papacy. Instead, they provided the Catholic Church with a new theoretical foundation to address changing times. The pope’s endorsement of the Franciscan Order highlighted the church’s values of austerity and simplicity, mitigating the crisis of public disapproval over corruption and excess. - Humanism and Artistic Freedom
Saint Francis’ significance as the first figure of the Renaissance lies in his promotion of humanistic thought, encouraging people to focus on themselves, nature, and beauty. By breaking the oppressive religious constraints of the Middle Ages, he eased the burdens on artists, paving the way for the grand stage of the Renaissance.
Quick Tip
What does the “Saint” in Saint Francis signify?
In Catholicism, sainthood is conferred posthumously through a rigorous process. An investigative panel examines the individual’s life in meticulous detail, requiring evidence of at least two miracles associated with them. The greater their influence, the more likely people are to “create” and “spread” tales of their miracles.
What are “miracles”?
Miracles, as described in religious texts, are extraordinary acts performed by God, surpassing natural laws. They are events that defy scientific explanation, carried out by divine will for higher purposes.
What were Saint Francis’ miracles?
Saint Francis is known for two famous miracles, often depicted in artworks:
- He could communicate with animals, including convincing birds to believe in Jesus (see illustration 1).
(Figure 1) Saint Francis Communicating with Birds
Second, he bore the “Five Holy Wounds.” These correspond to the five wounds Jesus received during His crucifixion. Legend has it that an angel bestowed these marks upon Saint Francis. (Figure 2)
(Figure 2a) Saint Francis in the Wilderness
(Figure 2a) Detail of Saint Francis’ Stigmata in the Wilderness
(Figure 2a) Detail of Saint Francis’ Stigmata in the Wilderness
Becoming a saint is no easy feat. It took 500 years for Saint Joan of Arc to be canonized, whereas Saint Francis was canonized just two years after his death, highlighting the immense influence he had during his time.
